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Primary ESOL
Professional Readings: Language Acquisition
On ESOL Online
On Other Websites
- Academic English: A Conceptual Framework
Scarcella describes the academic language students need to know, and the differences between language for academic success and everyday language (PDF, 2003).
- Characteristics of Culturally Relevant Classrooms
A summary from NCREL.
- Characteristics of Relevant Literacy Instruction
A summary of recurring themes in the literature on literacy instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse students (NCREL).
- Classroom SLA Research and Second Language Teaching
Lightbown (2000) revisits her 1985 10 generalisations about what teachers should know about SLA research.
- Contextual Factors in Second Language Acquisition (Aida Walqui)
The contextual factors - individual, social, and societal - that affect students' learning.
- CREDE: The Five Standards for Effective Pedagogy
These standards establish principles for best teaching practices that are effective with both majority and minority students across cultures and language groups.
- Criteria for Evaluating Multicultural Materials
A summary from NCREL.
- Critical Issue: Addressing Literacy Needs in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms
What teachers need to know to cater for cultural and linguistic diversity (NCREL).
- English as an Additional Language
How to cater for new arrivals (British Qualifications and Curriculum Authority).
- English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL): Effective Provision for International Students (A Resource for Schools)
From the Ministry of Education. The resource provides guidance for the development of ESOL policies, business plans, and also for programme planning and teaching practice.
- How Multicultural Is Your School?
A checklist to determine the quality of a school's multicultural practices (NCREL).
- Instructed Second Language Acquisition
Rod Ellis's 2005 literature review for the Ministry of Education on how instruction can best ensure successful language learning.
- Integrating Language and Content: Lessons from Immersion
Findings from research carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of immersion programs in Canada and the United States (CAL).
- Key Elements in Effective Teaching for Ethnic- and Language-Minority Students (
Twelve bullet points NCREL).
- Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Research: Its Significance for Learning and Teaching Issues
2002 overview by Myles.
- Task-based Learning in an Asian Context
14 articles on TBL originating from the 2006 Asian EFL Journal Conference. Includes articles by Ellis, Nunan and Oxford.
- Think Aloud Protocols: Teaching Reading Processes to Young Bilingual Students
Research suggests that students learning to read need to be taught how to use specific strategies for understanding a text.
- What Elementary Teachers Need to Know About Language
Seminal article by Lily Wong Fillmore and Catherine E. Snow.
- Where Immigrant Students Succeed - A Comparative Review of Performance and Engagement in PISA 2003
This report examines the performance of students from migrant backgrounds and compares it to that of their native counterparts. As well as providing information on countries' approaches to the integration of migrants, it looks at other factors that could influence peformance - such as their attitudes to school, their motivation and learning strategies as well as their social background and the language spoken at home. Concludes with implications for educational policy.
- Acquiring a Second Language for School
Virginia Collier guides the reader through the research knowledge base that has developed in the ESL field over the past 25 years.
- Aiming High: Minority Ethnic Pupils in Mainly White Schools - Guidance
This brief booklet offers sound advice for good practice in schools where the ESOL numbers are small. (From the British Department for Education and Skills.)
- America in 'Critical Need' of Mandarin
As the US wakes up to China's emerging status as an economic and strategic competitor, US parents -and the Pentagon - are urging their children to learn the Chinese language (Guardian Weekly).
- Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks
Canadian standards that describes a learner’s ability to communicate in English through speaking, listening, reading and writing.
- Community Language Learning
Designed for conversation classes where the teacher can speak the learners' L1. Integrates translation so that the students disassociate language learning and risk taking.
- The Comprehension Hypothesis and its Rivals
Stephen Krashen argues that the input (comprehension) hypothesis is more valid than the skill-building and comprehensible output hypotheses.
- Connecting Home and School: A conversation with Catherine Snow
Catherine Snow discusses some of the lessons she has learned from her work on home- school language and literacy.
- Content-Based Instruction: Research Foundations
Grabe and Stoller summarise the research evidence around content based language instruction.
- Creating the School Climate and Structures to Support Parent and Family Involvement
Evidence shows a strong connection between family involvement in schools and students' academic achievement (NCREL).
- CREDE: A National Study of School Effectiveness for Language Minority Students' Long-Term Academic Achievement
Thomas and Collier's 1996-2001 study of the types of U.S. school programmes provided for linguistically and culturally diverse students. It comes out strongly in favour of sustained bilingual education.
- CREDE: Centre for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence
CREDE is a federally funded American research and development program working to assist diverse student populations in achieving academic excellence. Links to their recent research.
- Culturally Responsive Education
Culturally responsive schools exhibit certain traits (NCREL).
- Culture
What is culture and how does it affect learning and thinking? (NCREL)
- English Immigrant Language Learners: Cultural Accommodation and Family Literacy
Literacy needs and cultural, linguistic, and social knowledge that immigrant families need to acquire in order to survive.
- ESL Standards for Pre-K-12 Students
Draft ESL standards from TESOL, the international body that TESOLANZ is affiliated to. TESOL's standards were drafted as a starting point for developing effective and equitable education for ESOL students.
- Family and Intergenerational Literacy in Multilingual Communities
Weinstein reviews selected research, current policies, goals, models for program design, and curriculum approaches in intergenerational literacy work.
- Family Literacy Starter Kit (US)
Written for educators who are planning to introduce family literacy programmes (PDF).
- Five Aspects of Power in the Classroom
A summary of Delpit's research on the 'culture of power' in schools (NCREL).
- Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
Eight principles to guide educators working with young linguistically diverse students (funded by U.S. Dept. of Education).
- Funds of Knowledge: Learning from Language Minority Households
Classroom practice can be enriched by drawing upon the existing funds of knowledge in minority students' households (CAL Digest).
- Glosssary of Secondary and Primary Language Acquisition Terms
From Earthrenewal.org.
- A Guide to Learning English : Information for Parents of ESL Students
Written for parents who want to know how they can help their children learn English as quickly and effectively as possible (Shoebottom, Frankfurt International School).
- Individual Differences in Second and Foreign Language Learning
Skehan looks at language aptitude, learning style, motivation, and learner strategies.
- Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Integrative Orientations of French Canadian Learners of English
Noels, Clément, and Pelletier examine the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for language learning (Canadian Modern Language Review).
- Is Communicative Language Teaching a Thing of the Past?
2002 essay reviewing the success of communicative language teaching in the context of language acquisition theory and research findings.
- Jigsaw Classroom
A co-operative learning technique that promotes effective learning and improves student motivation.
- Knowledge Bases Needed for Teaching in Diverse Classrooms
The knowledge bases that teachers need in order to improve the academic performance of culturally and linguistically diverse students (NCREL).
- Krashen’s Comprehension Hypothesis Model of L2 Learning
A simple outline of Krashen’s five hypotheses – natural order, acquisition/learning, monitor hypothesis, input and affective filter.
- Language Acquisition Research
A compilation of papers on language acquisition and bilingual development presented at a 2003 Ministry of Education forum.
- Language Unlocks Secrets
A mother-tongue scheme is boosting communication skills in an English school (TES).
- Learner Difference in Independent Language Learning Contexts
2003 article covering such issues as motivation, anxiety, introversion and extraversion, language aptitude and age.
- Learning Difficulties and the English Language Learner
How learning disabilities affect ESOL learners, why it is important to include information about informal and formal screening, and how teachers can support these learners. Relevant for all teachers although written for teachers of adult learners.
- Learning How School Reform Fosters Language Acquisition and Development
Case study of four schools that have successfully implemented language development programs for limited English proficient students as part of a schoolwide restructuring effort (NCELA).
- Lessons From Research: What Is the Length of Time it Takes Limited English Proficient Students to Acquire English and Succeed in an All-English Classroom?
An overview of the results of recent research and data syntheses funded by the U.S. Department of Education on effective educational approaches that promote the acquisition of English language and content for ESOL students. (Issue & Brief 2000, The National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.)
- Lexical Approach (British Council)
A clear explanantion of the important role of formulaic phrases in language learning.
- Literacy for an Increasingly Diverse Student Population
Literacy practices are embedded in culture (NCREL).
- Looking Closely at Second Language Learning: An Interview with Catherine Snow
Catherine Snow discusses the research about second-language learning and English immersion.
- Many Roots Many Voices: Supporting English Language Learners in Every Classroom
Canadian resource with tips for the classroom and tips for the whole school.
- Meaningful, Engaged Learning
Eight indicators of engaged learning in schools and classrooms (NCREL).
- Michael McCarthy Interview
2005 interview that includes the key role of vocabulary in language learning.
- The Multiliteracy Project
A national Canadian study exploring pedagogies or teaching practices that prepare learners for the literacy challenges of our globalised, networked, culturally diverse world. The study recognises that linguistic and cultural diversity are key contributors to social and economic well-being. The aim is to assist schools in helping students to achieve a more diverse folio of literacies.
- Myths and Misconceptions about Second Language Learning: What Every Teacher Needs to Unlearn
Myths include the ease with which children learn a second language, optimal age, and the relationship between oral communication skills and academic language skills (NCELA).
- Overview of Second Language Acquisition Theory
From the NW Regional Educational Laboratory.
- Promoting a Language Proficient Society: What You Can Do
Suggestions for parents, teachers, school administrators and policymakers to foster the learning of languages (CAL).
- Reading Literacy in New Zealand
The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, (PIRLS), provides information on the reading literacy of Year 5 students in about 40 countries. This report summarises the results from a New Zealand perspective (PDF or Word).
- Role of Students' Home Language and Literacy Patterns
Overview of the disjunction between literacy practices at home and school (NCREL).
- Second Language Acquisition / Literacy Development - Dr Jim Cummins' ESL and Second Language Learning Web
Read about BICS and CALPS and other Cummins research.
- Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning
Krashen's book can be downloaded from his site.
- Second Language Acquisition: A glossary of Terms (Leon's EFL Planet)
Brief explanations of terms from the field of applied linguistics, and ESL.
- Second-Language Learning
Learning to read in the language that includes familiar and meaningful things is critical to success in learning to read in a second language.
- Stephen Krashen's Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition
A summary of Krashen's theories.
- Still Wrestling with 'Context' in Interlanguage Theory
Elaine Tarone discusses the role of social context in influencing (or not) the process of acquisition of a second language. (Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2000.)
- Strategy Training for Second Language Learners
Based on Cohen's work (CAL Digest).
- Tenets of Culturally Relevant Teaching
Ladson-Billings identifies six tenets of culturally relevant teaching (NCREL).
- Understanding Second Language Acquisition
Some essential terms you need to know in order to understand basic second language acquisition theory.
- Variations in Reading Achievement among Spanish-Speaking Children in Different Language Programs: Explanations and Confounds.
2006 article by Goldenberg and Saunders that looks at the interplay among community, family and school characteristics on literacy achievement of English language learners (PDF).
- What Early Childhood Educators Need to Know About Language
Lily Wong Fillmore and Catherine E. Snow describe what early childhood educators need to know about language and how they can use that knowledge to support language and literacy development in their classes.
- Where Immigrant Students Succeed - A Comparative Review of Performance and Engagement in PISA 2003
An examination of the performance of students with immigrant backgrounds. Draws on PISA data (OECD).
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