S3-2020-374065-tableofcontent

DAFTAR ISI

• HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................ iii
• DAFTAR PUBLIKASI .......................... iv
• PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIASI..........v
• PRAKATA ............................................. vi
• DAFTAR ISI ........................................ viii
• DAFTAR TABEL ................................. xii
• DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................... xiv
• DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ....................... xvi i
• DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................... xix
• ABSTRAK .............................................xx
• ABSTRACT ......................................... xx i
• I. PENDAHULUAN ..............................1
  • 1.1 . Latar Belakang ...........................1
  • 1.2 . Rumusan Permasalahan .............6
  • 1.3 . Tujuan Penelitian .......................7
    • 1.3.1 . Tujuan Umum .........................7
    • 1.3.2 . Tujuan Khusus ........................7
  • 1.4 . Kebaharuan Penelitian ...............7
  • 1.5 . Manfaat Penelitian .....................8
• II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.....................9
  • 2.1 . Klasifikasi tanaman Jeruk Purut ( Citrus hystrix DC) ................................9
  • 2.2 . Keberadaan minyak atsiri dalam bagian tanaman ...................................10
  • 2.3 . Minyak Atsiri Daun Jeruk Purut ..............................................................12
    • 2.3.1 . Sifat fisikokimia minyak atsiri ..............................................................17
    • 2.3.2 . Sitronelal dan stabilitasnya ...................................................................19
  • 2.4 . Proses produksi minyak atsiri ..................................................................22
    • 2.4.1 . Perlakuan pendahuluan .........................................................................22
      • 2.4.1.1 . Pengecilan ukuran ..............................................................................22
      • 2.4.1.2 . Pemeraman .........................................................................................24
      • 2.4.1.3 . Pelayuan .............................................................................................24
      • 2.4.1.4 . Microwave..........................................................................................26
      • 2.4.1.5 . Listrik kejutan tinggi ..........................................................................27
      • 2.4.1.6 . Enzimatis ............................................................................................28
    • 2.4.2 . Separasi minyak atsiri ...........................................................................29
      • 2.4.2.1 . Distilasi ..............................................................................................29
      • 2.4.2.2 . Pengepresan........................................................................................31
      • 2.4.2.3 . Ekstraksi dengan lemak......................................................................32
      • 2.4.2.4 . Ekstraksi dengan pelarut ....................................................................32
      • 2.4.2.5 . Supercritical CO 2 ................................................................... ……… 32
  • 2.5. Model kinetika ekstraksi minyak atsiri .....................................................34
  • 2.6. Steam Explosion ........................................................................................36
  • 2.7. Landasan Teori ..........................................................................................42
  • 2.8. Hipotesis ....................................................................................................47
• III. METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................................48
  • 3.1 . Bahan penelitian.......................................................................................48
  • 3.2 . Alat penelitian ..........................................................................................48
  • 3.3 . Tempat dan waktu penelitian ...................................................................50
  • 3.4 . Prosedur penelitian...................................................................................51
    • 3.4.1. Tahap I : Pembuatan alat steam explosion sebagai perlakuan pendahuluan ekstraksi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan metode distilasi air....54
      • 3.4.1.1 . Pembuatan model steam explosin ......................................................54
      • 3.4.1.2 . Uji kinerja steam explosion ................................................................58
      • 3.4.1.3 . Ekstraksi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan distilasi air ............60
      • 3.4.1.4 . Analisis warna daun jeruk purut ........................................................60
      • 3.4.1.5 . Analisis morphologi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ..................................................................................................61
      • 3.4.1.6 . Analisis rendemen minyak atsiri ........................................................61
      • 3.4.1.7 . Analisis Statistik.................................................................................61
    • 3.4.2 .Tahap II : Analisis dan perancangan parameter proses steam explosion untuk perlakuan pendahuluan dalam separasi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan metode distilasi air ...........................................................62
      • 3.4.2.1 . Tempering daun jeruk purut ...............................................................62
      • 3.4.2.2 . Analisis kadar air daun jeruk purut ....................................................63
      • 3.4.2.3 . Perlakuan steam explosion pada daun jeruk purut .............................63
      • 3.4.2.4. Morphologi kelenjar minyak daun jeruk purut dengan metode pengamatan optilab .............................................................................63
      • 3.4.2.5. Analisis sifat fisik minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ..............................64
      • 3.4.2.6. Analisis senyawa sitronelal dalam minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut .....64
      • 3.4.2.7. Identifikasi senyawa volatil dengan GC-MS ......................................65
      • 3.4.2.8. Rancangan optimasi proses ekstraksi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan metode Respone Surface Metodology (RSM) .........................66
      • 3.4.2.9. Analisis statistic hasil pengamatan......................................................65
    • 3.4.3. Tahap III : Optimasi kombinasi perlakuan pendahuluan steam explosion dan ekstraksi metode distilasi air dan karakterisasi aroma minyak atsiri daun jeruk ...........................................................................................74
      • 3.4.3.1. Verifikasi kondisi optimum ekstraksi ekstraksi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan metode ekstraksi SEHD.......................................74
      • 3.4.3.2. Karakteristik fisikokimia minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan metode ekstraksi SEHD ......................................................................75
      • 3.4.3.3. Identifikasi profil aroma minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ....................75
      • 3.4.3.4. Analisis statistik data penelitian tahap III ...........................................75
• VI. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN........................................................................77
  • 4.1 . Penelitian Tahap I: Rekayasa dan optimasi kondisi steam explosion ......77
    • 4.1.1 . Rekayasa proses steam explosion ..........................................................77
      • 4.1.1.1 . Rangka ( Frames ) ................................................................................77
      • 4.1.1.2 . Tabung Reaktor ..................................................................................77
      • 4.1.1.3 . Isolator................................................................................................80
    • 4.1.2 . Suhu dan tekanan steam explosion ........................................................82
    • 4.1.3 . Efek steam explosion terhadap karakteristik daun jeruk purut .............85
    • 4.1.4 . Efek steam explosion terhadap rendemen dan kualitas minyak atsiri ...91
      • 4.1.4.1. Rendemen minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ..........................................92
      • 4.1.4.2. Mutu minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut...................................................93
    • 4.1.5. Kesimpulan Hasil Penelitian Tahap I ....................................................95
  • 4.2. Penelitian Tahap II: Analisis dan perancangan parameter proses steam explosion uk perlakuan pendahuluan dalam separasi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dengan metode distilasi air.....................................................96
    • 4.2.1. Titik nol variasi lama tempering pada separasi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ......................................................................................................96
    • 4.2.2. Titik nol variasi rasio penambahan air pada reaktor............................105
    • 4.2.3. Titik nol variasi pengaturan tekanan dalam steam explosion ...............108
    • 4.2.4. Evaluasi kondisi proses perlakuan pendahuluan dengan steam explosion ..............................................................................................111
      • 4.2.4.1. Rendemen dan waktu proses distilasi ...............................................111
      • 4.2.4.2. Pengaruh steam explosion terhadap mutu minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ..................................................................................................115
      • 4.2.4.3. Pengaruh steam explosion terhadap senyawa volatil minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ................................................................................117
      • 4.2.4.4. Pengaruh steam explosion terhadap kerusakan struktur daun jeruk purut ..................................................................................................122
    • 4.2.5. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian tahap II ....................................................123
  • 4.3. Penelitian Tahap III: Optimasi kondisi proses SEHD dan karakterisasi minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ................................................................125
    • 4.3.1 . Pengaruh lama tempering , penambahan air, dan tekanan terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri .......................................................................125
      • 4.3.1.1. Pengaruh lama tempering dan penambahan air terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri .....................................................................................125
      • 4.3.1.2. Pengaruh lama tempering dan tekanan terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri ..................................................................................................126
      • 4.3.1.3. Pengaruh penambahan air dan tekanan terhadap rendemen minyak astiri ..................................................................................................128
    • 4.3.2 . Pengaruh lama tempering , penambahan air, dan tekanan terhadap sitronelal ..............................................................................................130
      • 4.3.2.1 . Pengaruh lama tempering dan penambahan air terhadap sitronelal.. 130
      • 4.3.2.2 . Pengaruh lama tempering dan tekanan terhadap sitronelal ..............132
      • 4.3.2.3 . Pengaruh penambahan air dan tekanan terhadap sitronelal .............134
      • 4.3.2.4 . Verifikasi kondisi optimum proses SEHD .......................................136
    • 4.3.3 . Karakteristik sifat fisik minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ......................137
      • 4.3.3.1 . Rendemen minyak atsiri...................................................................139
      • 4.3.3.2 . Warna minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut..............................................140
      • 4.3.3.3 . Berat jenis minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut .......................................142
      • 4.3.3.4 . Indeks bias minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ......................................143
      • 4.3.3.5 . Putaran optik minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut ...................................146
      • 4.3.3.6 . Kelarutan minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut dalam alkohol .................148
      • 4.3.3.7 . Bilangan ester minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut .................................149
    • 4.3.4 . Sifat kimia minyak atsiri daun jeruk purut .........................................150
    • 4.3.5 . Kesimpulan hasil penelitian tahap III .................................................155
  • 4.4 . Pembahasan Umum ................................................................................156
• V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................................163
  • 5.1. Kesimpulan .............................................................................................163
  • 5.2. Saran ........................................................................................................164
• DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..........................................................................................165
• INTISARI.............................................................................................................181
• SUMMARY .........................................................................................................181
• LAMPIRAN .........................................................................................................181